adidas bcg - 2242 Words

DEFINITION BCG MATRIX Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Matrix is defined by the following authors as follows: Table 1 Definition of BCG Matrix Pearce (2013) David (2012) BCG Matrix is an approach pioneered by the Boston Consulting Group that attempted to help managers â€Å"balance† the flow of cash resources among their various businesses while also identifying their basic strategic purpose within the overall portfolio. It is also known as â€Å"portfolio techniques†. BCG Matrix graphically portrays differences among divisions in terms of relative market share position and industry growth rate. It allows a multidivisional organization to manage its portfolio of businesses by examining the relative market share position and the industry†¦show more content†¦STEPS IN DEVELOPING BCG MATRIX There are 5 steps in developing the BCG matrix. The steps are as below: Step 1: Choose the unit Step 2: Define the firm’s market share Step 3: Calculate the relative market share Step 4: Find out industry growth rate Step 5: Draw the circle in a matrix Step 1: Choose the unit. BCG matrix can be used to analyze separate business units, separate brands, products or a firm as a unit itself. Choose the unit that to be analyzed such as product of the firm, firm’s geographical area, customer segmentation and so forth. Unit that will be chosen will have an impact on the whole analysis. Therefore, it is essential to define the unit before starting the analysis. Step 2: Define the firm’s market share. After the unit has been chosen, define the firm’s market share based on the unit. The market share of the firm could be calculated based on this formula: Step 3: Calculate the relative market share. The relative market share can be calculated in term of revenue ormarket share. It is calculated by dividing own brand’s market share (or revenue) by the market share (or revenue) of largest competitor in that industry. The formula to calculate: For example, if thelargest competitor’s market share in smartphone industry was 25% and Apple firm’s brand market share was 10% in the same year, Apple relative market share would be only 0.4. Relative market share is given onShow MoreRelatedAdidas: Will Restructuring Its Business Lineup Allow It to Catch Nike?1072 Words   |  5 PagesAdidas: Will Restructuring Its Business Lineup Allow It to Catch Nike? I. CASE OVERVIEW For almost two decades throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Adidas became the best-selling brand of sporting goods in the world. Founded in 1920 in Herzogenaurach, North Bavarian, Germany by Adolph (Adi) Dassler, Adidas then well known for pioneering athletic footwear with kind of revolutionary invention in athletic footwear and equipment in which Adi Dassler alone accumulating 700 patents and property rightsRead MoreAdidas Mission Statement1508 Words   |  7 PagesStudent: Hussein Suleiman Studentnumber: 513056 Company: Adidas Date: 24-09-2010 Course: Management and Organisation Lecturer: Drs. J.A.A. Kloosterman Day of class: Thursday Class: 3IBM1                Student:   Hussein   Suleiman,   Studentnumber:   513056,   Group:   3IBM1   Company:   Adidas                                                 Adidas Adidas is a name that stands for competence in all sectors of sport around the globe. The vision of companyRead MoreNike/Adidas: Key factors that influence success of Nike and Adidas, Swot Analysis.2076 Words   |  9 PagesBrand awareness is one of the biggest assets that athletic shoe companies as Nike, Adidas, Reebok, Fila can have. Brand awareness always brings a considerable advantage in getting consumers attention and making a good place in that shoe market. If a well established brand name effectively mentions the messages of quality and dependability. Thus consumers will automatically go to that brand relying on the image that has been created when they dont have time to shop around. Athletic shoe manufacturersRead MorePest Swot Analysis of Adidas2035 Words   |  9 PagesYou are consultant of the company. PEST/SWOT etc ----------------------------------- Introduction Adidas is a company that manufactures shoes and sport apparel. The founder is Adolf Dassler who is German. The name created by combination of the name and surname Adi Dassler, who started producing shoes in 1920s with the help of his brother Rudolf Dassler. That make costumer, to recognize Adidas is three parallel stripes of the same color. Slogan: â€Å"IMPOSSIBLE IS NOTHING† 1. History 1949-2005 DueRead MoreAdidas2026 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Adidas is a company that manufactures shoes and sport apparel. The founder is Adolf Dassler who is German. The name created by combination of the name and surname Adi Dassler, who started producing shoes in 1920s with the help of his brother Rudolf Dassler. That make costumer, to recognize Adidas is three parallel stripes of the same color. Slogan: â€Å"IMPOSSIBLE IS NOTHING† 1. History 1949-2005 Due to the death of Adolf’s son (Horst Dassler), the Company was bought in 1990 by BernardRead MoreAnalysis of Nike by Porter Five Forces Model1430 Words   |  6 Pagesthe World Champions – and earn bragging rights for four years at least. It was not only a world war among 32 national teams, but also a white war among several major sponsors. Concentrating on those big-name stars, spectators would easily find that Adidas and Nike became the largest winners among various brands, obtaining the sponsorship of 12 and 9 among the 32 teams respectively. Coincidentally, in the current athletic footwear market, Nike control the largest market share though facing enormousRead MoreSportswear and Nike Marketing Approach Essay2845 Words   |  12 PagesTable of contents Introduction 04 Sports wear market 04 BCG Matrix 06 Ansoff’s Matrix 08 Conclusion 12 References Read MoreNikes Market Audit2227 Words   |  9 PagesFactor | organic growth as well as by acquisition, also brand name, goodwill- therefore there is a match is CSF to succeed | Change of Focus | Maybe have to target marketing in a different way | * Portfolio analysis in current product (BCG Matrix) The BCG matrix method is based on the product life cycle theory that can be used to determine what priorities should be given in the product portfolio of a business unit. To ensure long-term value creation, a company should have a portfolio of productsRead MoreThe Analysis of Nike in Athletic Footwear Market Based on Porter’s Five Forces Model3132 Words   |  13 Pagesare just to keep the dogs as the BCG matrix shows(BCG Matrix, 1968). A brief intimateness can be drawn up that the destructive power outside the footwear industry hardly exists and can seldom influence the market share and profitability of Nike. 2. The rivalry among existing competitors According to the Commerzbank Equity Research(28th Feb,2008), NIKE was the clear market leader, with 31% of the global athletic footwear market in 2007, followed by ADIDAS and PUMA, occupying 16% and 7%Read MoreUnilever Parenting Diversification Trough Forward Integration in the Car Industry3574 Words   |  15 Pagesexploit their brand. On the other hand the Adidas company who core competence is the manufacturing of the product and its distribution serves well to the business decision. On Porsche side they are able to use their name and create new products, on the other hand Adidas has a new market to open with this introduction. This joint venture leaves Porsche free from investing in manufaturing facilities and its distribution due to the fact that they will use Adidas. x Question (iii) Evaluate whether `diversification

Rebuttal Essay on Needed A License to Drink - 1009 Words

Rebuttal Essay on â€Å"Needed: A License to Drink† â€Å"Needed: A License to Drink† is an essay written by Mike Brake. In this essay, Brake explains why he thinks people need a license to drink. He has had family members die from alcohol related events and believes they might still be alive if a license was required to drink. Alcohol is related to many deaths and alcoholism is a disease that affects many people. â€Å"It causes more than 19,000 auto fatalities each year, it is responsible for more than a third of deaths from drowning and fire† (Brake135). Brake mentions that doctors have to report certain sexually transmitted diseases. He think they should have to report alcoholism as well. Also, licenses for hunting, guns, and†¦show more content†¦If people lose their license, that does not mean they will not be able to get alcohol. If people want alcohol, they will get it. â€Å"Iowas 21-year-old legal-drinking age applies to everyone - patrons, agents, employees and the licensees family membersâ₠¬  (State of Iowa Alcoholic Beverages Division). This cite is credible because it contain all the information about the drinking laws in Iowa. I do not drink much and my parents would never buy me alcohol while I am still younger than 21, but I have never had any problem getting alcohol if I want it. Generally, my friends just get it for me. They do not seem to be too concerned about the law either, because many of them have just recently turned 21. I can not think of any one who has had trouble getting alcohol if he or she wants it. I do not see a major problem with that unless driving or some other very potentially dangerous event comes into play. Another problem would be the fact that this has been attempted before, in a different manner. Alcohol Prohibition in the 1920’s had an unexpected outcome. The lessons of Prohibition remain important today. They apply not only to the debate over the war on drugs but also to the mounting efforts to drastically reduce access to alcohol and tobacco and to such issues as censorship and bans on insider trading, abortion, and gambling. Although consumption of alcohol fell at the beginning of Prohibition, it subsequently increasedShow MoreRelatedEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 PagesSummary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.  ©1998-2002;  ©2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design ® and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license. The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beachams Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction:Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesUniversity Sacramento Sacramento, CA 95819 USA ii iii Preface Copyright  © 2011-14 by Bradley H. Dowden This book Logical Reasoning by Bradley H. Dowden is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, theRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pageswhat they had been doing for years. Amazon.com is putting a lot of independent bookstores out of business as it proves you can successfully sell books (and most anything else) from a Web site. After years of lackluster performance, Boeing realized it needed to change its business model. The result was its 787 Dreamliner and a return to being the world’s largest airplane manufacturer. An organization’s employees can be the impetus for innovation and change, or they can be a major stumbling block. The

Airline Group Selection

Question: Write an essay on Airline Group Selection. Answer: Introduction: Various long-term finances. The possible considerations are evaluated through weighted average cost of capital has been done for the purpose of extensive analysis of the report (In.finance.yahoo.com. 2016). The two airline group selected for the purpose of evaluation is Iberia Airlines and British Airways. An Iberia airline is based in Madrid and it has international flight operations from Madrid to Barajas. The aircraft is responsible for carrying out maintenance and handling in airport and management of various types of IT services. The airlines have its operations over 109 destinations and 39 countries. In terms of sharing agreements the airlines have its operations in more than 109 destinations. The British Airways is known for being the largest airline group in the United Kingdom in terms of the fleet size. The main airport of this airline is based in London Heathrow Airport. The airplane it has accommodation capacity of more than 280 passengers. This particular airline began its operations in the year 1972 with merging its operation in the two nationalized airlines carrier namely British Overseas Airways Corporation and British European Airways (Britishairway.com, 2016). The main Airline carrier operated by the company includes Airbus A320 which was a family aircraft launched in the year 1998. (Ustamer et al. 2015). In the year 2010 both the airlines signed an agreement to merge between each other. Due to this merger of both the airlines a third largest commercial airline group was formed. The merged company is known as International airlines Group (IAG). Even after merger of the companies both will continue to operate with the same brand name, the International consolidates airlines group is based in Spain. In the recent times mergers of the various airlines has become a popular trend. After 2010 the merger activities has been seen between pinnacle airlines and Mesaba airlines, United Airlines and continental airlines, SkyWest and Atlantic Southeast Airlines, US Airways and America West Airlines, Pinnacle Airline and Colgan Airlines, Southwest Airlines and Air tran Airways. The various types of mergers activities discussed have been considered after the 2010 and 2013 (Fageda 2016). The rationale for the merger and activity was mainly due to the provide an improved customer service of the customers through better availability and coverage of the routes from Europe, North America, Australia, America and South America. In this way the airlines can cover more number of airport routes and destinations. The enhanced customer service has been observed in dedicated lounges in more than 120 dedicated Iberia and British airport lounges which a flyer can enjoy while availing of the service. This has also ensured that the customers are able to book the tickets with greater ease through a single website and thereby more number of flights to choose from across the extended network of both the airlines carrier. Moreover it had been observed that an Iberia airline was losing its share of profit by more than 1.7 m pounds every day. The company was responsible for job cuts and attrition within the company before the merger and formation of IAG (Narangajavana et al. 2014). Comparison Pre-Merger Post Merger Financial Performance:- British Airlines was one of the most popular airlines in all over the world. But in the end of the last decade, the company began to suffer from various financial problems. The company even had to face ownership issues over the state. It has also suffered due to recession in the global airlines industry. To solve the issues, the British Airlines management took decision to reduce the total numbers of cabin crews as well as cut down the salaries of the employees. Such strategy had been applied by most of the airlines companies in the recession period, which had become one of the major factors in the overall economic crisis in the airlines industry (Kaps et al. 2011). Being a part of the industry, British Airlines was also affected by the industry crisis, especially, its primary operation activities had suffered significantly. The decreasing rate of employee retention and salary deductions, caused many strikes within in the company, which, in turn, created negative impact on the passen gers decision. The preferences of the passengers converted to other airlines services. It results into reduction in the companys overall revenue. Moreover, it has been observed that the business class travel to North America had greatly fallen in this crisis period. It was also one of the issues for generation of lesser profits. Along with such internal external problems, the company had to face tough competitions from the low-cost airtravel service providers (Belobaba et al. 2015). In Spain, Iberia Airlines, had also faced same kind of issues. The major problem of the company was rising popularity of low-cost airlines, which caused significant fall in the revenue of the company. The rate of revenue earning had reduced so much that the company had decided to stop the payment of the employees for savings funds to exist in the market. In such condition, both, British Airways and Iberia Airways decided to merge the companies for reducing the air fare to pull over more passengers and ultimately to increase the revenue generations. It was the primary object of the companies. The secondary objective of the merger was to expand its route. The ultimate goal of both companies was to get rid of the common financial issues, which was troubling both the organizations and also to avoid the impact of the world wide economic recession. Therefore, both the companies joined hands and formed International Airlines Group. The advantages of merger activities can be measured by evaluating the pre merger and post merger financial performances of the companies. The merger process can be described as successful, if the post merger performances excel in every aspects in comparison to the pre merger economic activities. Hence, it is quite necessary to evaluate the performance of the newly formed company and compare it with that of the older companies. The most effective tool of measuring and analyzing the pre merger and post merger activities, is financial ratio analysis. Amongst the various ratios, the appropriate ratios for such anlaysis are liquidity ratios, asset turnover ratios, profitability ratios and growth investment ratios (Healy and Palepu 2012). In 2010, British Airways had generated loss of $425 million after tax and incurred $8225 million in terms of operating cost. Such high operating cost and huge loss, resulted to a net profit ratio of -5.32 and operating ratio of 102.89 (britishairways 2016). It indicates the company had to spent higher amount for its operating cost, but it was completely unable to generate enough revenue to meet the expenses. The financial records of Iberia also exhibits same scenario. It had generated a total revenue of $4582 million, whereas, its total operating cost for 2010 was $4608 million. The amount of net loss of the company was $273 million (britishairways 2016). The net profit margin operating ratio were -5.96 and 100.57 respectively. After the formation of International Airlines Group on 2011, the newly formed company had earned $16339, which was more than the aggregate total revenues of the two companies, earned in 2010. The net profit margin of the new company was 3.39 and the operating margin was 97.03 (Iairgroup.com, 2016). Though the operating margin was on higher side, it should be noted that the company was formed in a recession period, when all the companies in airline industry were suffering from high operating costs. In such scenario, the merger activity had not only helped to decrease the cost but had generated profits for the two companies, who were suffering from loss over consecutive periods (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2013). As per the liquidity aspect is concerned, Iberia was in a better position than British Airways. The current ratio of the company prior to merger was 1.53 and the super quick ratio was 0.46. From the balance sheet of British Airways in 2010, it can be stated that the company had been running out of liquid assets before the merger. The current ratio of British Airways was only 0.44 and the super quick ratio was 0.12. It indicates that on 2010, the company has taken huge debts from market for running its operation due to shortage of revenue generation. The current assets were not enough to cover the debts. Moreover, its liquid cash position was also at stake. In such condition, the merger was proved o be very beneficiary for British Airways to increase the revenue generation and cover its debt. The newly formed company was able to maintain a current ratio at 0.90, which was not a perfect ratio level, but at that point of time, it was quite satisfactory for any airlines company (Ledgerwo od 2014). The total asset turnover of both the companies was at par more or less on 2010. The turnover rate of British Airways was 0.75 and for Iberia, it was 0.76. The Fixed asset turnover rate of British Airways was 0.26, which was higher than Iberia, which was maintaining a rate of 0.14. The total asset of Iberia was higher than British Airways, but it had generated much lesser revenue on 2010 in comparison to British Airways. From the turnover rates, it is quite cleared that both the companies were not able to utilize its assets efficiently in that period. After merger, the total asset turnover and fixed asset turnover rate of the new company, IAG, has increased to 0.83 and 1.18 respectively. It denotes that the merge decision was very much effective for both of the company. By merging, the companies were able to utilize its assets more effectively for revenue generation. The capital turnover ratio had also increased to 1.49 in comparison to the individual capital turnover ratios of both t he companies (Wahlen et al. 2014). Iberia Airlines was a sole shareholder company. It is a form of private limited company, where the overall ownership in terms of equity shares is controlled by an sole shareholder. Therefore, the company was not very much concerned about its stock market price. British Airways is a corporate company, who use to maintain a favorable position in the stock market. In 2010, due to the loss, the company was unable to pay any dividend. Therefore, its market price had fallen drastically. The downward fall was amplified by the global economic depression. The return on equity rate of British Airways had become 1.13 and the return on invested capital had gone down drastically to 0.55. The payout ratio was zero and the book value of shares was had fallen from 2.05 to 1.3. After the merger, It was able to increase the return on assets rate to 21.20 and return on invested capital to 14.37. In terms of payout ratio, the shareholders had experienced a constant growth (Brealey et al. 2012). Therefore, by the ratio analysis of the pre merger and post merger financial activities of British Airways and Iberia Airways , it is quite evident that the merger was a successful venture for both the companies. Both the companies were suffering from high operating costs, lower revenue generation and tough competition from low cost airlines companies. The merger had provided the scope to cope up with the adverse issues and turn the market into their favor once again. Through merger, both the companies were able to utilize each others resources. It helped them to use their assets more effectively. Moreover, both the companies were able to lower the ticket fares and attract the passengers, who had switched their favor to low cost airlines, towards the new company. Due to international collaboration, the new company is able to enjoy various tax benefits from both the countries of Britain and Spain. Moreover, it can utilize various airport facilities and other cost benefits from both th e countries. Thus, the new company was able to lower the operating and other non-operating costs and also to increase the revenue generation, which, in turn, increased the profit volume (Hschelrath and Mller 2014). Examination of the elicited stock market in context of the shareholders:- The distribution of the companys profit according to present condition is based on private distribution policy as per IAG shareholder policy. The present share price of the company stands at 478.30 Great Britain pounds and the recent trends in the share prices has shown an increase of 0.72%. The key statistics of IAG shows market capital of 9.69 B and enterprise value of 968.88B. The total marginal cash flows of the company have been observed as 6.62 billion and total cash per share has been 3.12. The individual analysis of the share prices of the company has been explained below as follows (Fu and Oum 2015). British Airways The company has a market capital of 83.13 B, the enterprise value of the company stands at 84.78B. The profit equity turnover ratio of the company stands at 17.64 and the price sale ratio has been observed as 0.86. The company is also associated in various types of research and development activities related to production of the spare parts and making modification in the planned and unplanned activities. The airlines has a tie up with the global services related to supply chain management which further provides the company with the option to transfer its services in the supply chain division. The financing activities are therefore divided into two broad sections, one dealing with the general passenger carrying airlines and other being the cargo division of the airline (Grundy and Moxon 2013). The external sources of the finances of the company includes from hiring activities of the various partners of the company. In a similar way the other external agents adding to the total; finances of the company includes debentures, venture capital, overdraft equity capital and revenues received from factoring services. The company also takes loans during the financial downturn in this case the company is able to suffice its financial requirements through bank loan. These are the main source of the companys long term finances (Wakefield 2013). Iberia Airlines The Iberia Airlines had faced a loss of more than 2.17 million before the merger and formation of IAG. The share in the IAG was up by 168.8 percent after the merger of both the companies. The nine month of operating loss of 262 pounds was recovered by the profits of the British Airways. The job loss in the Spain due to and unemployment rate was also reduced significantly. The airline is operated by a single ownership; this allows the airlines to operate with greater amount of working capital. The sole operator of the business also deals with lower distribution of dividends among the share holders, this further allows the company to retain greater amount of liquid cash flow into the system (Ustamer et al. 2015). Corporate strategy and its impact on corporate objectives According to Madden, Madden and Strickling (2014), merger is corporate combination of two or more independent commercial corporations into a single enterprise, generally the absorption of one or more firms by a dominant one. The entire merger operations is considered to be accomplished when one firm purchasing the assets of other with cash or its securities or by purchasing shares or stocks of one firm by another an d issuing its stock to the stockholders of the other firm in exchange for their shares in the acquired firm. According to the theories of merger, there are various types of mergers: horizontal, if both firms offer same service or commodity for same market. This concept is completely different in the case of market extensional which is referred when both participated firms are produce the same service and commodities for distinct markets. However, if a firm acquires either a customer or a supplier then this strategic alliance is called vertical. This current merger between Iberia and British Airways which was completed on 24th January 2011, upon the listing of the shares in the International Airlines Group (IAG), can be considered as a market extensional merger types because both the companies are renowned participator in the airline industry (Cooper and Finkelstein 2014). Basically there are many corporate reasons for which the merger is being taken. Here, Iberia airline and British Airways both the companies made this align to expand the scope of their carrier. The corporate objective of this deal is to more airlines but importantly right airlines- to join the group. Both the company considered this merger a foundation step towards establishing a multinational multi-brand airline group. According to the purpose of a theory of mergers, both the company combines motives of the managerial merger. With an industry level regime shift that may be the cause of value-increasing merger opportunities (Ishii and Xuan 2014). To analyze the corporate strategy of both the companies, the researcher needs to explain the theory of merger. According to the efficiency theory of merger, companies initiated mergers in the expectation to generate enough realizable synergies to make to make the corporate deal beneficial to both the parties. Based on this concepts the literature of the merger suggests different theories such as Differential efficiency theory, Inefficient management theory, Synergy, Pure diversification, Strategic realignment to changing environment and undervaluation. According to the differential efficiency, if one company is more efficient than the other one and if the initial firm acquires the later one, then the efficiency of the later company is likely to be brought u p to the level of the initial firm. The theory defines that some firms operate below their potential and s a result have below average efficiency (Frhlich et al. 2016). This theory is quite rationale as per the given case scenario. Due to the impact of the continued operational loss, Iberia Airline was majorly looking for financial stability during the pre-merger phase. Additionally, this Spanish airline company faced corporate inabilities due to the cause of rising fuel price and gradually increased cost of the employees. On the other hand, British Airlines faced challenges due to slowdown of the global economy, primarily caused by the Euro zone crisis, financial and strategic investors have become cautious and risk-adverse about the companys portfolio investments (Fageda and Perdiguero 2014). Though the company faced several challenges, this British airline was strategically insights for broader market capitalization and increases the growth opportunities for the future period. Af ter this merger, valued at 5.3 billion pound, IAG raised effectively their market share by 2.3 percent. This refers that the both the company had distinct vision and different corporate objectives but interested in this strategic alliance for generated greater efficiency in the both the national airline market. However, this merger case study also ensures that the global corporate strategy made for global dominance in this sector. Based on examining the above mentioned corporate strategy, there are many potential impacts of this deal o the corporate objectives of the merged company. Previously, the corporate objective of Iberia airline was to provide the best airline service at the most competitive price. However this was not possible due to operational deficiencies and functional inabilities. After this merger, IAG initially estimated 349 million of annual cost savings by the fifth year after the merger. Here this merger may impacts of the corporate objectives of the company and IAG may change their potential objectives like as follows: Getting listed in both the stock exchange: Madrid and London stock exchanges and generate global dominant position in the international airline industry. Provide a higher operational efficiency Acquire more airlines and generate more revenue Better corporate service and ensure a higher customer satisfaction. IAGs brand strategy has intrinsic strength Faster progress with labor restructuring On the contrary, this merger may have the negative impact of the corporate objectives of IAG airlines. For instance, IAG not yet achieving sufficient ROIC and strategically the company is now is at aim to achieve 12 percent or more return on investment capital in 2016-2020 for both the group and for the individual operating companies (Dobson and Piga 2013). Therefore, insufficient level of productivity may reduce the group potentiality in the long run. In that context the company also equates to an operating margin target within the range of 10 percent to 14 percent. Secondly, British airways still has a relatively high CASK. This is indeed a serious concern for this airline. In spite of the enhanced labor productivity and its reduction in unit costs, the name of this company remains the highest cost European airlines as per the measured costs per available seat kilometer. This has been found that BA sits are further above the trend line for European complete service carriers compare than does Iberia( Barbot et al. 2013). In means there are still have operational differences and thus the deal may impacts on corporate objectives. Moreover, the company is considered as small in Asia Pacific because Iberia failed to operate to the region at all. However, BA has successfully increased their share of seats between Asia Pacific and Europe by 5 per cent (Budd et al. 2014). Therefore, IAG needs to improve their international network in the Asia pacific region and this may be a potential consideration to make this deal more impactful. Key Challenges Faced by International Airlines Group (IAG): There are mainly three primary challenges that are faced by the company International Airlines Group (IAG) following the merger took place between the Iberia and the British Airways. Firstly, the particular company IAG is facing trouble due to the rise in the fuel price (Ross et al. 2015). This hike in the fuel price leads to hike in the price of the air tickets of the company. This fact is considered as the key issue that is decreasing the numbers of customers of the air travel. Simultaneously, if the company intends to keep the price of the air ticket constant then it might lead to a condition called Beak-even point situation, where no profit and no loss situation will prevail or the organization might run under loss. Secondly, the issue or the challenge faced by the firm IAG after merger is the change in the behavior of the customers. It has been found that the demand of the air tickets or the numbers of people having demand for leisure have declined due to sudden believes and sho cks. These include terrorist attack, hike in price of air tickets and many more. This has resulted into change in growth strategy of the organization International Airlines Group (IAG). The particular organization has even decided to lower the numbers of seats within each aircraft as the demand of the leisure travel has been weakened to a greater extent, especially after the attacks of Brussels. Thirdly, the news of cancellation of flights in the recent days has also affected the share prices of the whole airline industry. Therefore, the stock prices of the particular company International Airlines Group (IAG) have also been affected (Fletcher 2016). This has reduced both the earnings and revenues of the particular firm. In addition to these, it can also be said that this merger took place between two companies British Airways and Iberia of various countries. Thus, the newly formed company IAG has to face various challenges regarding managing employees, work culture and organizatio nal culture of the firm. Conclusion Thus, it can be said that the fact of merger between the organizations, the Iberian airways and the British Airways has resulted into positive outcome that has resulted into the formation of the new company named International Airlines Group (IAG). This specified merger is quite successful as it has been found that the earnings per share of the particular firm IAG has spontaneously improved after the merger that occurred in the year 2011. In addition to this, it has also been found that the values of the financial ratios, efficiency ratios, profitability ratios and the liquidity ratios increased continuously over the period of time (the period of post-merger). According to the analysis, the price of the share increased to a wider extent during the period of post-merger in comparison to the period of pre-merger. It has been noted that presently the firm IAG is facing various troubles due to various reasons though the increasing trend of the earnings per share puts a positive view on t he wealth of the shareholders. Reference List Barbot, C., DAlfonso, T., Malighetti, P. and Redondi, R., 2013. Vertical collusion between airports and airlines: an empirical test for the European case. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 57, pp.3-15. Belobaba, P., Odoni, A. and Barnhart, C., 2015.The global airline industry. John Wiley Sons Brealey, R.A., Myers, S.C., Allen, F. and Mohanty, P., 2012.Principles of corporate finance. Tata McGraw-Hill Education Brigham, E. and Ehrhardt, M., 2013.Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning Britishairway.com. (2016).Book Flights, Holidays Check In Online | British Airways. [online] Available at: https://www.britishairway.com [Accessed 15 June. 2016]. Budd, L., Francis, G., Humphreys, I. and Ison, S., 2014. Grounded: Characterising the market exit of European low cost airlines. Journal of Air Transport Management, 34, pp.78-85. Cooper, C.L. and Finkelstein, S. eds., 2014. Advances in mergers and acquisitions (Vol. Emerald Group Publishing. Dobson, P.W. and Piga, C.A., 2013. The Impact of Mergers on Fares Structure: Evidence from European Lowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Cost Airlines. Economic Inquiry, 51(2), pp.1196-1217. Fageda, X. and Perdiguero, J., 2014. An empirical analysis of a merger between a network and low-cost airlines. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy (JTEP), 48(1), pp.81-96. Fageda, X., 2016. Airline Competition in Liberalized Markets: effects on thin routes. Liberalization in Aviation: Competition, Cooperation and Public Policy, p.91. Fletcher, N. (2016).British Airways owner IAG falls on outlook worries. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/marketforceslive/2016/jun/06/british-airways-owner-iag-falls-on-outlook-worries [Accessed 15 Jun. 2016]. Frhlich, K., Grimme, W., Hellmers, J., Holtz, M. and Nmeth, A., 2016. an assessment of the Success of Cross-border airline Mergers and acquisitions in europe. Liberalization in Aviation: Competition, Cooperation and Public Policy, p.197. Fu, X. and Oum, T.H., 2015. Dominant Carrier Performance and International Liberalisation. Grundy, M. and Moxon, R., 2013. The effectiveness of airline crisis management on brand protection: A case study of British Airways. Journal of Air Transport Management, 28, pp.55-61. Healy, P. and Palepu, K., 2012.Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning Hschelrath, K. and Mller, K., 2014. Airline networks, mergers, and consumer welfare.Journal of Transport Economics and Policy (JTEP),48(3), pp.385-407 Iairgroup.com. (2016).IAG - International Airlines Group - Annual Reports. [online] Available at: https://www.iairgroup.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=240949p=irol-reportsannual [Accessed 15 Jun. 2016]. In.finance.yahoo.com. (2016). IAG.L Key Statistics | INTL. CONS. AIR GRP Stock - Yahoo! India Finance. [online] Available at: https://in.finance.yahoo.com/q/ks?s=IAG.L [Accessed 15 Jun. 2016]. Ishii, J. and Xuan, Y., 2014. Acquirer-target social ties and merger outcomes. Journal of Financial Economics, 112(3), pp.344-363. Kaps, R., Hamilton, J. and Bliss, T. (2011).Labor relations in the aviation and aerospace industries. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Ledgerwood, J., 2014.Microfinance handbook: an institutional and financial perspective. World Bank Publication Madden, L.T., Madden, T.M. and Strickling, J.A., 2014, January. The Institutional Logics of Firm Survival Following Merger and Acquisition Transactions. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2014, No. 1, p. 11619). Academy of Management. media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/IROL/24/240949/2010_Annual_Report.pdf. (2016).media.corporate-ir.net. [online] Available at: https://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/IROL/24/240949/2010_Annual_Report.pdf [Accessed 15 Jun. 2016]. Narangajavana, Y., Garrigos-Simon, F.J., Garca, J.S. and Forgas-Coll, S., 2014. Prices, prices and prices: A study in the airline sector. Tourism Management, 41, pp.28-42. Ross, S., Westerfield, R., Jaffe, J., Lim, J., Tan, R. and Wong, H. (2015).Corporate finance. [Singapore?]: McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Ustamer, T.C., Durmaz, V. and Lei, Z., 2015. The Effect of Joint Ventures on Airline Competition: The Case of American Airlines, British Airways and Iberia Joint Business. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 210, pp.430-439. Wahlen, J., Baginski, S. and Bradshaw, M., 2014.Financial reporting, financial statement analysis and valuation. Nelson Education. Wakefield, J., 2013. Promoted tweet used to complain about British Airways. www.britishairways.com/cms/global/microsites/ba_reports0910/pdfs/BA_AR_2010.pdf. (2016)./www.britishairways.com. [online] Available at: https://www.britishairways.com/cms/global/microsites/ba_reports0910/pdfs/BA_AR_2010.pdf [Accessed 15 Jun. 2016].

Managing in a Diverse and Changing World

There are several challenges in doing international business. The first challenge in international business is to how to navigate the stalled global economy (Griffin 60). Today’s business manager is equally faced with the challenge of attracting and retaining the right personnel.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Managing in a Diverse and Changing World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is also the challenge of changing information technology (IT) and how to harness IT into the overall organizational strategy. This is coupled with a further challenge of managing and measuring organizational performance (Gareth and George 407-415). Globalization is yet another challenge faced by modern day managers. Today’s manager faces the challenge of procurement and managing supply chain networks in the international business. Managing diverse cultures (Griffin 176) coupled with ethics and social responsibili ty is the other challenges. The other problem is labor shortages, market management and business financing. Businesses also face the challenge of the right mergers and acquisitions as they seek to grow (Griffin 256). Other leadership challenges include developing effective work teams, motivating employees, managing employee attitudes, managing innovation, employee privacy, and meeting stakeholder objectives. Lessons Learned A company might want to go global in order to survive and grow (Gareth and George 1-548). The company may want to diversify its product offering, maximize sales or to acquire more resources. In spite of the above opportunities, going global has its share of challenges. Since the world economy has seen a downward trend, there has been a slow growth of international businesses (Griffin 60). This implies that businesses that are seeking to go international are likely to take long before they can stabilize in their international operations. Technology keeps changing every day. The business must be able to embrace technology and harness it into the overall organizational strategy. The business needs to be able to effectively evaluate its performance (Gareth and George 1-548). The international business is characterized with diverse cultural differences. The business must be prepared to deal with diverse cultures and different value systems in international business (Griffin 176). Today, businesses have a duty to conserve the environment and to give back to the society (Gareth and George 1-548). Today’s manager is aware of corporate social investment and is seeking to include it in the overall governance of the whole business (Griffin 117). Customer expectations, tastes and preferences keep changing every day. Hence, the business must make an attempt to cope up with these lest they lose the customer. The business must therefore determine how it will implement its marketing initiatives.Advertising Looking for report on business econom ics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In today’s competitive world, the business must find the right methods and approaches to procurement and manage its supply chain networks. Human resource experts must plan and avert the problem of labor shortages through successful human resources planning (Gareth and George 1-548). The business must implement effective marketing strategies and adopt the right financing methods in order to be competitive. The manager must equally be prepared to enhance teamwork and motivation to increase productivity. The business must embrace technology in enhancing its efficiency (Griffin 718). Culture is the habit, language and norms usually passed on to new employees as they join the organization. Culture influences the way employees interact with one another as well as with the customers, suppliers and other organizational stakeholders (Gareth and George 1-548). The business must hence be prepared to deal with different cultures and values in the international area. Values uniquely define the business and give it a competitive edge. Culture includes things like integrity, customer focus, and results. To change organizational culture, there is need for effective leadership because leaders inculcate and reinforce the organizational culture and belief systems amongst the employees (Griffin 176). Teamwork fosters faster learning and helps in task allocation. Through teamwork, employees are able to bond and develop long lasting relationships. Gareth and George (1-548) have indicated that teamwork creates a healthy competitive environment. This brings out the inner talents and creativity hence more productivity of the employees. When working in teams, employees are more satisfied in their jobs and able to accomplish their tasks efficiently. The business must this strive to develop highly effective work groups and teams. Managerial Implications Going global is a challenging venture to the business because of several factors such as culture. Organizational culture defines the behavior patterns and actions of employees (Griffin 176). There is need to develop and nurture a positive culture that will act as a strong brand and a source of competitive advantage to the business (Gareth and George 1-548). Since technology improves business performance, the business must invest in appropriate technology to remain competitive. The business must conserve the environment (Griffin 120), use right approaches to procurement and manage its supply chain networks.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Managing in a Diverse and Changing World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The business must equally conduct an effective HR planning, implement successful marketing strategies and adopt the right financing methods. Finally, the business must develop effective teams. When employees work in teams, they become more fulf illed in their roles. They are able to meet their individual and collective responsibilities. Consequently, the business becomes more productive. Works Cited Gareth R. Jones., and George, Jennifer, M. Contemporary Management 7th Edition. McGraw-Hill Education: 2011. Print. Griffin, Ricky, W. Management 8th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company: 2005. Print. This report on Managing in a Diverse and Changing World was written and submitted by user Ernesto Castaneda to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Personal Theories And Philosophies

Educational Philosophies and Theories Abstract Personal feelings based on Philosophy and Philosophy of Education. High stakes testing an issue based on the philosophies and theories of the group. We will discuss the relationship between Educational Philosophies and Theories. We have examined idealism, realism, pragmatism, and existentialism. Also, we have explored the question of how educational policies, goals, and purposes are derived from systematic philosophies. An Assessment of Four Philosophies of Education The educational policies which derived from philosophies and theories were: â€Å"idealiasm† which seeks to create an intellectual environment for teaching and learning. There is a reaction to every action. It is the use of subjects to enhance advancement in a non-verbal way. The educators use ways of enhancing the basic subjects. For example, â€Å"mathematics is to develop students’ powers of abstraction†. â€Å"History is seen as the study of the contributions made by great women and men of the past.† (p. 101). We must see that certain things do not change, that they remain constant. Everything must flow in order. â€Å"Idealism, the attitude that places special value on ideas and ideals as products of the mind, in comparison with the world as perceived through the senses.† (Columbia Encyclopedia). â€Å"Plato conceived a world in which eternal ideas constituted reality of which the ordinary world of experience is a shadow,† sai d Wikipedia. (Internet source) â€Å"Realism is based on the nature of plausibility of realism as one of the most hotly debated issues in contemporary metaphysics, perhaps even the most hotly debated issue in contemporary philosophy.† (Stanford Encyclopedia). There are two general aspects of realism illustrated by looking at the everyday world of macroscopic objects and their properties, existence and independence. Philosophies provide hands-on experience to pull from... Free Essays on Personal Theories And Philosophies Free Essays on Personal Theories And Philosophies Educational Philosophies and Theories Abstract Personal feelings based on Philosophy and Philosophy of Education. High stakes testing an issue based on the philosophies and theories of the group. We will discuss the relationship between Educational Philosophies and Theories. We have examined idealism, realism, pragmatism, and existentialism. Also, we have explored the question of how educational policies, goals, and purposes are derived from systematic philosophies. An Assessment of Four Philosophies of Education The educational policies which derived from philosophies and theories were: â€Å"idealiasm† which seeks to create an intellectual environment for teaching and learning. There is a reaction to every action. It is the use of subjects to enhance advancement in a non-verbal way. The educators use ways of enhancing the basic subjects. For example, â€Å"mathematics is to develop students’ powers of abstraction†. â€Å"History is seen as the study of the contributions made by great women and men of the past.† (p. 101). We must see that certain things do not change, that they remain constant. Everything must flow in order. â€Å"Idealism, the attitude that places special value on ideas and ideals as products of the mind, in comparison with the world as perceived through the senses.† (Columbia Encyclopedia). â€Å"Plato conceived a world in which eternal ideas constituted reality of which the ordinary world of experience is a shadow,† sai d Wikipedia. (Internet source) â€Å"Realism is based on the nature of plausibility of realism as one of the most hotly debated issues in contemporary metaphysics, perhaps even the most hotly debated issue in contemporary philosophy.† (Stanford Encyclopedia). There are two general aspects of realism illustrated by looking at the everyday world of macroscopic objects and their properties, existence and independence. Philosophies provide hands-on experience to pull from...

manajerial economic and business strategy Essays

manajerial economic and business strategy Essays manajerial economic and business strategy Paper manajerial economic and business strategy Paper Managerial Economics Business Strategy Chapter 6 The Organization of the Firm Michael R. Baye, Managerial Economics and Business Strategy, 5e. Hakan TASCI McGraw-Hill/lrwin Elon University rights reserved. Departmentby 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, All rights reserved. Copyright OCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. lnc. All Spring 2007 2006 of Economics Overview l. Methods of Procuring Inputs Spot Exchange Contracts Vertical Integration II. Transaction Costs Specialized Investments Ill. Optimal Procurement Input V. Principal-Agent Problem Owners-Managers Managers-workers Elon University Copyright Economics Department Ofc 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Spring 2007 Managers Role Procure inputs in the least cost manner, like point B. Provide incentives for workers to put forth effort. Failure to accomplish this results in a point like A. Achieving points like B managers must Use all inputs efficiently. costly method. Costs $100 10 Methods of Procuring Inputs Spot Exchange When the buyer and seller of an input meet, exchange, and then go their separate ways. No official contracts, no long term relation Contracts A legal document that creates an extended relationship between a buyer and a seller. Ex: Car Rental Companies and Auto maintenance Vertical Integration When a firm shuns other suppliers and chooses to produce an input internally. Set up your own service in the rental company. No specialization. Specialization, avoids contracting costs, avoids costs of vertical integration. Possible hold-up problem. Contracting Specialization, reduces opportunism, avoids skimping on specialized investments. Costly in complex environments. Reduces opportunism, avoids contracting costs. Lost specialization and may increase organizational costs. Transaction Costs Costs of acquiring an input over and above the amount paid to the input supplier. Includes: Search costs. Negotiation costs. Other required investments or expenditures. Some transactions are general in nature while others are specific to a trading relationship. Investments made to allow two parties to exchange but has little or no value outside of the exchange Site specificity. Physical-asset specificity. Dedicated assets. Human capital. Lead to higher transaction costs Costly bargaining. Underinvestment. Opportunism and the hold: Shareholders (principal) cannot observe the effort of the manager (agent). Example: Manager (principal) cannot observe the effort of workers (agents). ? The Problem: Principal cannot determine whether a bad outcome was the result of the agents low effort or due to bad luck. Managers must recognize the existence of the principal-agent problem and devise plans to align the interests of workers with that of the firm. Shareholders must create plans to align the interest of the manager with those of the shareholders. Solving the Problem Between Owners and Managers Internal incentives Incentive contracts. Stock options, year-end bonuses. External incentives Personal reputation. Potential for takeover. Managers and Workers Profit sharing Revenue sharing Piece rates Time clocks and spot checks Conclusion The optimal method for acquiring inputs depends on the nature of the transactions costs and specialized nature of the inputs being procured. To overcome the principal-agent problem, principals must devise plans to align the Michael R. Baye, Managerial Economics and Business Strategy, 5e. Copyright 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Additional Review Bayes Text, pages 229-233 Question #23, 6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 16, 18 Chapter 3 Demonstration Problems 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Concept Review Spot, Trade Off, Specialization, Reputation

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Final - Essay Example This would apply to short term investments that are made in the nation as well. It would be advisable in such a scenario to hire local labor. 3. 1. Mr. Likesdrawing’s argument would not hold up in court owing to the fact that there may be little change in the original that he has created. The intent of the newly created work would not be significantly different from the original, as a result of which he would have to pay Mrs. Photolover money for a settlement. 2. The cartel would be involved in illegal activities owing to their efforts at reducing competition. The shared intent of creating artificial changes in the market (demand and supply) means that they are in violation of competition laws, thereby passing on the burden to consumers. The producers would need to follow fair practices and allow the market to set its own prices. 1. Apple’s push towards acquiring a large market share in offering music streaming services would run up against laws of the European Union that stand against large companies using their clout to intimidate smaller ones. The laws against Abuse of Dominance (Article 102) would be useful in the sustenance of smaller companies like Spotify. Several cases such as the one against Russian gas supplier Gazprom could be a blueprint for understanding such issues (Bell and Madej

Leadership Reflection Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership Reflection - Research Paper Example Transformational leadership defines an influence that is â€Å"developing and transforming† to the target group. Its core objective is to empower people and to motivate them towards exploring their developed potentials (Dubrin, 2012, p. 83). The leadership style is further based on assumptions that that people express their allegiance to those who inspire them and that empowerment and motivation is a suitable strategy to success (Rose, n.d). One of the characteristics of the leadership style is the leader’s development of awareness among the led group. This involves informing the people of their environment, their potential rewards, and the worth in the rewards. A transformational leader also develops a collective mentality among people as opposed to individualism. The leader also assists people to derive self-fulfillment in their engagements and to understand dynamism in the environment, factors that facilitate the people’s desire to make necessary changes. The type of leader also commits to high achievements and ensures a developed trust between him or her and the led population besides exhibiting such traits as charisma, â€Å"emotional intelligence,† and support to their followers (Dubrin, 2012, p. 86). The relationship between the leadership style and the personality traits has further been empirically established with more significant features in interpersonal relationship skills and ethical observance in a leader’s interaction with the led group (Dubrin, 2012), aspects that identify concerns and initiatives for developing people’s interest through empowerment and motivation (Eeden, Clilliers and Deventer, n.d.). These characteristics are consistent with results from my leadership assessment. I for example like offering my ideas to people around me and am usually happy when my ideas empower the people towards success. I also inspire people through my interpersonal skills and personal initiatives that

Water Pollution Essay Example for Free

Water Pollution Essay Water is a necessity to life on earth. All organisms contain it, some drink it, and others inhabit it. Plants and animals require water that is moderately pure, and they cannot survive if their water is affluent with toxic chemicals and/or harmful microorganisms. If severe, water pollution can kill large numbers of fish, birds, and other animals, in some cases killing all members of a species in an affected area. Water pollution is not only hazardous to water-bond animals it also poses as threat to humans as well. The majority of water pollution occurs when people overload the water environment with wastes. Its defined as contamination of streams, lakes, underground water, bays or oceans by substances harmful to living things. Such things as oil spills, boat fumes, and dumping of trash into the oceans, lakes, and rivers are just a few of the major contributors to water pollution. Throughout the past century water pollution has become a very real problem and solution must be found. First of all, Water pollution presents problems to humans in a few ways. Water pollution makes streams, lakes, and coastal waters unpleasant to look at, to smell, and to swim in, as well as preventing us from drinking it without filtration. Fish and shellfish harvested from polluted waters may be unsafe to eat. People who ingest polluted water can become ill and if theyre exposed for a long time, may develop cancers, or have children with birth defects. There are two types of water pollution; point source and non-point source. Point sources of pollution occur when harmful substances are put directly into a body of water (such as an oil spill). A non-point source is when pollutants enter the water indirectly through environmental changes (like when fertilizer is carried into a stream by rain). The major water pollutants are chemical, biological, and physical materials that lessen the water quality. These pollutants can be separated into seven different classes: Petroleum products, pesticides and herbicides, heavy metals, hazardous materials, excess organic matter, sediment, and finally thermal pollution. The first category is petroleum products. Petroleum products include oil and chemicals from oil are used for fuel, lubrication, plastics manufacturing, and many other purposes. The petroleum products get into water by accidental spills from ships, tanker trucks, and leaky underground storage tanks. Many petroleum products are poisonous if ingested by animals and spilled oil damages the feathers of birds and the fur of animals, often causing numerous deaths among these birds, furred animals, as well as fish. The second category that pollutants can be classified as is pesticides and herbicides. These include chemicals used to kill unwanted animals and plants. An example of this may be something used to keep certain bugs off of fruits or vegetables. These pollutants may be carried into streams by rainwater. If the chemicals in these herbicides and pesticides are not biodegradable they can remain dangerous for a long period of time. When an animal eats a plant that has been treated with certain non-biodegradable chemicals, the chemicals are absorbed into their tissues or the organs. When other animals feed on a contaminated animal, the chemicals are passed up to them. As it goes up through the food chain, the chemical becomes more harmful, so animals at the top of the food chains may suffer cancers, reproductive problems, and death. This can be a very serious problem for many species of animals. The herbicides and pesticides found in some polluted waters dont simple pose a problem to animals; they can also be harmful to humans. More than 14 million Americans drink water contaminated by pesticides, and the EPA estimates that ten percent of wells contain pesticides. These Nitrates can cause a lethal form of anemia called blue baby syndrome in infants. Also there are many other humans that have allergies to these chemicals, and can cause health problems if enough of the contaminated water is digested. Other chemicals that are a problem in the pollution of water are heavy  metals. Heavy metals, such as copper, lead, mercury, and selenium, get into the water from industries, automobile exhaust, mines, and natural soil. Heavy metals also become more harmful as they follow the food chain. When they reach high levels in the body, they can be immediately poisonous, or can result in long-term health problems. They can sometimes cause diarrhea and, over time, liver and kidney damage. Children exposed to lead in water can suffer mental retardation. Fish that have been exposed to mercury can be extremely poisonous to humans if they eat the fish. The fourth classification that is known to pollute waters is hazardous materials. Included in this class are chemical wastes that are toxic, reactive, corrosive, or ignitable. If not treated or stored properly, they can pollute water supplies. Such as in other categories once the hazardous wastes reach one part of the food chain they can be passed on to the animals that depend on them for food. The fifth leading cause of water pollution is excess organic matter. Some examples of excess organic matter are fertilizers and other nutrients used to promote plant growth on farms and in gardens that may fine their way into water. At first the nutrients will help the plants and algae in the water grow, but when they die and settle underwater, microorganisms decompose them, while decomposing them the microorganisms take in oxygen that is dissolved in the water. The oxygen levels in the water may drop so low that fish and other oxygen-dependent animals in the water suffocate, and die, this happens mostly in the Midwest and other such places where there are vast amounts of farm land. Yet another principal cause of the pollution of water is sediment. Sediment is soil particles carried to a stream bed, lake, or ocean, if in large amounts, can also be a pollutant. Soil erosion can damage a stream or lake by adding too much nutrient matter. Sedimentation can also cover stream bed gravel where many fish lay their eggs. Therefore, this can greatly decrease the population of fish in future generations. This is one of the many reasons that soil erosion is trying to be prevented today. The final cause of water pollution, which is often overlooked, is known as Thermal water pollution. Thermal pollution takes place when water is taken from rivers, lakes, or the ocean to be used in factories and power plants. This water is usually returned to the source much warmer than when it was taken. Even a small temperature change in a body of water can drive away the fish and other species that were usually inhabited that particular region, and in conjunction attract other species in place of them. This develops unwanted ecosystems in areas where they should not be. Thermal pollution can speed up the biological processes in plants and animals and/or lower the oxygen level in the water. Fish and other wildlife near the discharge source, may die. So as you can see, water pollution is a very serious problem it is responsible for dramatic decreases of fish and wildlife populations in our, rivers, lakes, and oceans. Water pollutants should also be held accountable for many cases of food poisoning, especially experience in seafood. In order to solve this problem we need to learn about ways for disposing harmful household wastes so they dont end up in sewage treatment plants or landfills. In our yards, we should determine whether or not we need to add nutrients before fertilizers are applied, and look for alternatives where fertilizers may run off into surface waters. We need to preserve existing trees and plant new trees and shrubs to help prevent soil erosion. Around the house we should we need to keep litter, pet waste, leaves, and grass clippings out of gutters and storm drains, and buy as many heavily packaged foods, certain boxes, cartons, bottles, etc that are made with polluting dyes. On a more widespread note, we must be much more careful about the types of pesticides we use, how we transport oil and other harmful materials, and work as hard as we can to prevent soil erosion and excess organic matter. If everyone works together to prevent water pollution this problem can be decreased drastically, if not eliminated. We all depend on water as a part of everyday life, we simply need to make sure that we as humans dont take this for granted, and take every step possible to keep the waters on this Earth as clean as possible. Work Cited Water Pollution, http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/waterpollution.htm. Water Pollution General, http://members.tripod.com/water_pollution_hk/newpage2.htm. Water Pollution, http://www.soton.ac.uk/~engenvir/environment/water/water.html. Sources of Water Pollution, http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/ASK/waterpol3.html.

Déjàvu: The Past in the Present :: Psychology Psychic Essays

Dà ©jà   vu: The Past in the Present "...parapsychologists think dà ©jà   vu is a glimpse into a past-life. The event did happen similarly before, you just happened to die between the occurrences." (2) The mysterious nature of dà ©jà   vu does not only lie in the experience itself, but in its definition. The sole unity of truth is the direct French translation - 'already seen.' In general, the phenomena can be summed up as experiencing the past in the present. It is "an uncanny feeling or illusion of having already seen or experienced something that is being experienced for the first time." (3) The dà ©jà   vu experience is puzzling because it often leaves people disoriented and searching for explanations. In fact, it is a fairly common occurrence with 70% (a higher rate is reported between the ages of 15 and 25) of the population reporting that they have felt dà ©jà   vu at some point in their lives. (2) The frequency of the experience has left specialists scrounging for information. There is an evident absence of truth, as expressed through varying opinions from psychologists, scientists, neurobiologists and spiritual healers. The nature? The cause? No one seems to be point ing to a definite answer. Some widely discussed causes appear to point to the brain's temporal lobes, past memory, wish fulfillment or temporarily mismatched connections in the brain. Emile Borac who was greatly interested in psychic phenomena first utilized the term dà ©jà   vu. (3) The connotation used refers to the past, while the nature of the experience is clearly positioned in the present reality. It is ambiguities such as these that spark debate over the nature of the actual dà ©jà   vu experience. Hence several definitions of dà ©jà   vu have arose, all emphasizing different aspects of the experience. Arthur Funkhouser, Ph.D. and Vernon Neppe, M.D., Ph. D. have performed extensive research on the various types of dà ©jà   vu. Funkhouser seeks to clarify dà ©jà   vu and remove it from inaccurate associations. He claims that there are three forms of dà ©jà   vu: dà ©jà   vecu, dà ©jà   senti, and dà ©jà   visite. Dà ©jà   vecu is most similar to the widely acknowledged definition of dà ©jà   vu. It is the feeling that the present scenario has been experienced in the past - the details are identical and it is possible to predict what will happen next. While in the midst of dà ©jà   vecu, the detail of the experience is astounding, and the person is conscious that the present scenario conforms to their memory of it.

The Mind-Body Issue in Science

Neuroscience is the study of the brain and psychology is†¦well, the answer to that question is not exactly clear.   A direct interpretation of the word â€Å"psychology† boils down to â€Å"the study of the psyche† or â€Å"the knowledge of the psyche†, but psychology does not have a definition of the psyche and, in general, they do not believe in it.   Psyche comes from the Greek word meaning soul, so the psyche is actually the study of the soul, and yet psychology today has more or less become a study of the mind, and ironic situation since neither psychologists nor neuroscientists believe in the existence of the mind. The generally held accepted view of the mind is that the mind arises from the activity of the brain.   Thus, a major philosophical concern of neuroscience is, â€Å"Does the mind exist separate and independent of the brain?†Ã‚   The generally accepted answer to this question is, â€Å"No.   The mind is an epiphenomenon that arises from brain activity.†Ã‚   In the past, efforts were made to resolve this problem with philosophical arguments such as Fredric Weizmann's ideas about genetics and embryology (Forsdyke, 1999) and Michael M. Sokal ideas about phrenology. Today, we can conclude that the mind/body problem of science has been successfully resolved despite the obvious fact that the resolution has yet to be recognized or acknowledged!   We can now take pride that the resolution to this dilemma did not result in confirming the â€Å"pervasive† 19th-century fear humans might ultimately be viewed as â€Å"mere machines† lacking souls. (Jacyna, 1994) Despite the generally accepted view that the mind is merely an epiphenomenon that arises from brain activity, more or less superimposed over brain activity, there is actually no evidence to support the idea.   To date, all of the available data, without exception, suggests that the mind and the brain are two separate but interacting ‘things'.   Whatever evidence that does not suggest this is neutral.   The evidence is sufficiently strong to have swayed diehard monists (who believe that the mind is the brain) into becoming dualists (who believe that the mind and the brain are separate). Upon a review of the available data at the end of his life, the late neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield, MD (1891 – 1976), a former monist, concluded the evidence, â€Å"†¦it comes as a surprise now to discover, during this final examination of the evidence, that the dualist hypothesis seems the more reasonable of the two possible explanations.† (Penfield, 1975)   Although the available data may support Penfield's conclusion, there are still some interesting, intriguing and difficult questions to answer such as, â€Å"What is the realm of consciousness and the mind,† â€Å"How does consciousness and the mind and the realm of mind relate to the brain and the physical body,† and â€Å"Does a mind exist independent of the brain and the physical body?†Ã‚   We can briefly address each of these questions separately. The central problem with the dualist point of view is that the mind exists as an abstraction unless it arises from brain activity.   If the mind exists separate and independent of the brain, the answer to our first question is that the mind exists as an abstract field as proposed around the 1920s by developmental biologist Paul Weiss. (Weiss, 1926)   Then, in the mid and late 1930s, Dr. Harold Saxton Burr and his associates discovered just such a field. (Burr and Lane, 1935; Burr and Northrop, 1939) Dr. Burr discovered that all living things are molded and controlled by invisible and intangible electro-dynamic fields, that he called â€Å"L-fields† for the â€Å"fields of life†.   John White and Stanley Krippner call the L-field the â€Å"‘bridge' or intermediate link between the mental and the physical†¦they offer evidence that the mind and body are quite separate†¦.† (White and Krippner, 1977) If Burr's findings are correct, it seems apparent that consciousness and the mind are electrodynamic fields that interact with the physical body.   Burr was able to make a definitive connection between the L-field and wound healing and between the L-field and the mental functions and mental states of individuals. Burr and his colleagues found that they could make impersonal, objective measurements of the mental and emotional states of psychiatric patients and that their electrical measurements generally agreed closely with psychiatric diagnoses.   Consciousness and the mind somehow relate to the brain and the physical body through an electrical connection or bridge of sorts, forces associated with and coupled to cells. (Jerndal, 1982) Finally, although the preferred view of the mind-body/mind-brain issue in neuroscience and psychology is the monistic view which states that the mind is merely an epiphenomenon that arises from brain activity, it is apparent that the mind transcends physical functions of the body, but there are concerns such as can more detailed studies be provided to determine if the mind can be associated with the L-field?   Burr, Ravitz and their colleagues provided evidence that established a relationship between nerve and other tissue and that made useful neurological and psychiatric measurements that were associated with mental functions. Therefore, they succeeded in establishing a firm connection between an abstract but very real field and the tangible nervous system.   This data provides concrete evidence for the existence of an independent mind that transcends the functions of the physical body.   Thus, it appears that the mind-brain and mind-body issue can be laid to rest.   Now, the problem is, â€Å"How to get the word out.†Ã‚   Perhaps that leaves us right back where we started, at least for now. References Becker, Robert O. and Gary Selden (1985).   THE BODY ELECTRIC.   Electromagnetism and The Foundation of Life.   New York, NY: Quill, William Morrow. Burr, H. S. (1952).   Electrometrics of Atypical Growth.   Yale J. Biol. Med., 25, 67-75. Burr, H. S. (1972).   The Fields of Life:   Our Links with the Universe.   New York, NY:   Ballantine Books. Burr, H. S., and Lane, C. T. (1935).   Electrical Characteristics of Living Systems.   Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 8, 31-35. Burr, H. S., and Northrop, F. S. C. (1939).   Evidence for the Existence of An Electrodynamic Field in the Living Organisms.   Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, U.S.A., 25, 284-288. Eccles, Sir John C. (1951).   Hypotheses Relating To The Brain-Mind Problem.   Nature, 168(4263), 53-57. Forsdyke, D. R. (1999). Two levels of information in DNA: Relationship of Romanes' â€Å"intrinsic† variability of the reproductive system, and Bateson's â€Å"residue† to the species-dependent component of the base composition, (C + G) %. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 201, 47-61 Jacyna, L. S. (1994). Philosophic whigs: Medicine, science and citizenship in Edinburgh 1789-1848. London: Routledge. Jerndal, Jens (1982).   The Field Resonance Approaching Medicine.   Text of a Paper presented at the 3rd World Congress of Alternative Medicine, Colombo, Sri Lanka 22nd October, 1982. Penfield, Wilder (1975).  Ã‚   The Mystery of the Mind:   A Critical Study of Consciousness and the Human Brain.   Princeton, NJ:   Princeton University Press. Weiss, P. A. (1926)   â€Å"Morphodynamik:   Ein Einblick in die Gesetzte der organischen Gestaltung an Hand von experimentellen Ergebnissen,† in Abhandlungen zur theoretischen Biologie, (J. Schaxel, ed.), Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin. White, John, and Krippner, Stanley (1977).   Future Science.   Life Energies and the Physics of Paranormal Phenomena.   Garden City, NY:   Anchor Books.      

Personal Imaginative Coursework – Conflict

Conflict Marion had always got on with Sinead, but I'd noticed that recently things hadn't been as peachy. She was in a room, her room, flicking through old magazines. It was starting to get dark and she hadn't yet shut the curtains. ‘Knock knock'. Silence. ‘Knock knock'. â€Å"Mum?† Creak. â€Å"Why's it so dark in here? I'm going out, I'll be back later.† â€Å"I said I'd meet Mary at seven.† Sinead went over and pulled the curtains shut, tutting as she did so. â€Å"Well you can't, I'm going out.† â€Å"I told you earlier, I can still go, we're seeing ‘The Fruit Picker', you know, the one with Bobby Clampton.† Marion sat down, tucking her skirt under her as she always did. â€Å"I don't think so, fruitcake. I don't want you to OK?† Sinead said, facing her daughter. â€Å"But you didn't tell me you were going out and I've already made plans.† â€Å"Enough. I've said no.† Sinead made an annoying emphasis on the word no with her hands like she usually did before she lost her temper. â€Å"Then tell me why.† Marion was starting to get impatient but didn't want Sinead to go into one, so tried to be rational. â€Å"Because I've said so.† â€Å"I have no problem in doing what you say as long as you give me a good reason, and so far I haven't seen one so I assume I'm still going out.† As she said this, Marion went over to Sinead, noticing a helicopter circling the sky outside. â€Å"The reason is that I want you to stay home in case your father rings.† â€Å"No it's not, you made that up. I'll be back around ten.† â€Å"You'll be here at ten because you won't be going out. Ever.† â€Å"What, even school?† she said sarkily. â€Å"Don't be a smart little cow. Yeah, even school.† â€Å"Don't be stupid. You can't be serious?† The worried expression on her face showed that calm composure wasn't the first thing on her mind at the moment. â€Å"I'm deadly serious. See you later.† Sinead left the door open as she left the room and a few seconds later let the front door slam. I knew she'd be OK, so I stayed with Marion. Marion punched the bed with anger and let out a few reluctant sobs. She stood up jerkily and banged her head against the wall a few times to gather her thoughts. She stood for a moment then I followed her out of the room. I waited at the top of the stairs while she went down. She came back up with a knife from the kitchen. We went back into her room. She sat down on the bed. As I stayed by the door I watched her pull up her sleeve. She put the knife to her wrist and winced. I wanted to do something but I was only there to watch. â€Å"That'll show her.† she muttered. She reached over to get a tissue and smeared some of the blood over the rest of her arm. â€Å"Run† BANG. BANG. â€Å"Now† BANG. The light was making him see in flashes, like strobing. The night was closing in on him but everything else was breaking up. As he turned the corner he tripped on a dustbin. Him and Mark had gone in opposite directions. â€Å"The Brits are on our tail.† â€Å"Down here† Voices from all directions were clouding his mind. The sirens were deafening. All he could do was think about his wife and daughter back home and know they'd be OK. It was quite a slow process as they dragged him, with a few of the others, into the back of the van, with the gunshots still roaring through the sky. Late at night, in the depths of the Irish countryside, a man knelt down beside his bed in a dorm, alongside many other men, some only boys, and prayed. Prayed that the Lord could give him strength to stand by his country and make him a martyr for freedom. But above all that the Lord might send someone to watch over his young wife and child in times when he could not be there. Because for him, knowing that God was watching over them meant knowing that they'd be safe even when he was too distant for his love to reach them. Many other men had prayed that night, for the next day was the day they'd first gone out and fought what would be the beginning of an even longer war. But O'Brien's was the prayer I heard and the prayer I answered. And when he was caught, then lined up and shot by a British Army Officer and it was my turn to move on, I couldn't help staying just a little longer to make sure Sinead and Marion got through it alright. A few hours later Marion was back with the magazines, the blood having crusted into a nice little scar. She heard a clunk from downstairs and quickly switched off the light and jumped into bed with her clothes still on. I went downstairs to check on Sinead. She'd got back later than she normally did. She took off her coat and hung it over the banister. She walked down the hall into the kitchen and put her keys down on the table. As she scanned the contents of the fridge, forest fruits gateau, cheese, orange juice, the phone started to ring. She shut the fridge door and picked it up after three rings. â€Å"Hello?† â€Å"Yes, that's me.† The person on the end of the receiver was too muffled for me to hear. Sinead began fiddling with the only ring on her fingers. She paled and her shoulders tensed up. Her breathing became shallow and her chest heaved. â€Å"I understand.† â€Å"No thank you, I'll be fine.† She put down the handset and lent on the worktop for support. She stood straight and walked through the hall and up the stairs trembling. I followed closely behind. â€Å"Can I come in, darlin'?† her voice didn't come out as intended, it sounded too high, false. The door opened away from us, and Marion stood, looking unusually small. Sinead walked through and sat on the bed, her eyes were sunken and red. Marion stayed by the door too. â€Å"Are you OK mum? Has something happened?† â€Å"Come over here, love.† She gestured by patting the space next to her. Marion walked slowly over, looking stiff and uncomfortable. â€Å"What is it?† she asked. Sinead didn't look her in the eye. She gestured again and Marion sat down. â€Å"I've just had a call from Mark. He had some news about your father.† As her eyes started pricking Marion wished she hadn't turned on the light before opening the door. â€Å"He was caught on a job and he's been, he's been killed.† Marion lifted up her arm to wipe her eye, â€Å"What on earth have you done to yourself?† Sinead's voice was trembling and cracking and her eyes shot with blood. â€Å"Nothing. I – I didn't mean to.† â€Å"Oh come here, my baby.† And she pulled her to her, and as they both sat there sobbing out loud, clutching each other, I went over and put my arms round them both, gently rocking them from side to side into the night, softly singing an old Irish song my mother used to sing to me: The Minstrel Boy to the war is gone In the ranks of death you will find him His father's sword he hath girded on And his wild harp slung behind him â€Å"Land of Song!† said the warrior bard â€Å"Tho' all the world betrays thee One sword, at least, they rights shall guard One faithful harp shall praise thee!† The Minstrel fell! But the foeman's chain Could not bring that proud soul under The harp he lov'd ne'er spoke again For he tore its chords asunder And said â€Å"No chains shall sully thee Thou soul of love and brav'ry! Thy songs were made for the pure and free, They shall never sound in slavery!†

How Has Texting Affected Teenagers Essay Example

How Has Texting Affected Teenagers Essay Example How Has Texting Affected Teenagers Essay How Has Texting Affected Teenagers Essay How has texting affected teen literacy? This is one question asked by many, and not always answered. After doing much research, I have come up with an answer to this question. There are pros as well as cons to texting when it comes to teens. The pros of texting are that texting allows teens to communicate with each other more often. Another pro is that they have the capability to call a parent when in a situation where alcohol or drugs are involved. While texting can have some pros, it also comes with its own set of cons. One con is that texting is leading to anxiety, stress, distraction in school, and sleep deprivation. All of this added together can cause teens to have falling grades in school. Another, con is that texting can distract teens while they are driving. Texting and driving has become one of the most common causes of car accidents. One common thing you can see in schools is texting in class. One other thing you will see is cheating during tests. Some schools have banned cellphones during tests but this has not helped at all. These rules only affect the teens that are willing to break rules. The amount of teens who own a cell phone in the world is enormous. In 2011, 77% of the teenage population owned a cell phone, which is very similar to the 75% presented in 2009. Due to the unlimited texting plans presented by various mobile carriers texting has increased substantially in popularity. According to the Nielson Company, American Teenagers sent and received and average of 2,272 text messages per month in the fourth quarter of 2008. This totals to about 80 messages a day. In 2010, this amount of 2,272 text messages in the fourth quarter of 2008, grew to an amount of 6. 1 trillion text messages in 2010. This goes to show how much texting has grown in popularity and is a growing issue that effects teens everywhere. As texting becomes more popular, more and more teens begin to have falling grades in school and also putting themselves in danger while driving. If parents started to be more watchful of how much their children text, they could help them keep control of their texting. Baker,Lisa. Cell Phones and Their Positive Effects on Youth eHow 15. April. 2012 Starovoit,Veronica. How Does Text Messaging Affect the Ability to Write Speak in English? eHow 16. April. 2012 Lenhart,Amanda. Overall cell ownership steady since 2009 PewInternet 19. Mar. 2012 Hafner,Katie. Texting May Be Taking a Toll on Teenagers The New York Times 25. May. 2009

War Hawks and the War of 1812

War Hawks and the War of 1812 The War Hawks were members of Congress who put pressure on President James Madison to declare war against Britain in 1812. The War Hawks tended to be younger congressmen from southern and western  states. Their  desire for war was prompted by expansionist tendencies. Their agenda included adding Canada and Florida to the territory of the United States as well as pushing the frontier further west despite resistance from Native American tribes. Reasons for War The War Hawks cited multiple tensions between the two 19th-century powerhouses as arguments for war. Tensions included violations that the British committed regarding U.S. maritime rights, the effects of the Napoleonic Wars and lingering animosity from the Revolutionary War.   At the same time, the western frontier was feeling pressure from Native Americans, who formed an alliance to stop the encroachment of white settlers. The War Hawks believed that the British were financing the Native Americans in their resistance, which only incentivized them to declare war against Great Britain even more. Henry Clay Although they were young and even called the boys in Congress, the War Hawks gained influence given the leadership and charisma of Henry Clay. In December 1811, the U.S. Congress elected  Henry Clay  of Kentucky as speaker of the house. Clay became a spokesperson for the War Hawks and pushed the agenda of war against Britain. Disagreement in Congress Congressmen mainly from northeastern states disagreed with the War Hawks. They did not want to wage war against Great Britain because they believed their coastal states would bear the physical and economic consequences of an attack by the British fleet more than southern or western states would. War of 1812 Eventually, the War Hawks swayed Congress. President Madison was eventually convinced to go along with the demands of the War Hawks, and the  vote to go to war  with Great Britain passed by a relatively small margin in the U.S. Congress. The War of 1812 lasted from June 1812 to February 1815. The resulting war was costly to the United States. At one point British troops marched on Washington, D.C. and  burned the White House and the Capitol. In the end, the expansionist goals of the War Hawks were not achieved as there were no changes in territorial boundaries. Treaty of Ghent After 3 years of war, the War of 1812 concluded with the Treaty of Ghent. It was signed on December 24, 1814 in Ghent, Belgium. The war was a stalemate, thus the purpose of the treaty was to restore relations to status quo ante bellum. This means that U.S. and Great Britain borders were to be restored to the condition they were in before the War of 1812. All captured lands, prisoners of war and military resources, such as ships, were restored.   Modern Usage The term hawk still persists in American speech today. The word describes someone who is in favor of beginning a war.

Paramedic Science (Medical) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Paramedic Science (Medical) - Essay Example The area deprived of blood supply is said to have suffered ischemic injury. The ischemic injury, if severe enough to cause the complete block of oxygen and nutrients causes death of the heart tissue, which is termed as Myocardial Infarction (Guyton et al 200, Ganong 2005). The blood vessels supplying the heart are called coronary arteries. There are three main coronary arteries which supply different areas of heart along with their branches. These are 1) Right coronary artery, 2) Left anterior descending artery, 3) Left circumflex artery. Above 90% cases of myocardial infarction occur as a result of coronary artery blockage, thus the disease is also referred to as coronary artery disease (CAD). The most common and dangerous cause of coronary artery obstruction, and thus MI is Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis refers to the narrowing of arteries because of accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are basically thrombi composed of lipid foam cells (cholesterol) and differe nt cell components including smooth muscle, macrophages and collagen fibres. In most instances, the ischemic myocardial infarction is precipitated by the phenomenon called acute plaque change. Acute plaque change results from the rupture of pre-existing thrombi that partially occlude the lumen. The rupture exposes the underlying thrombogenic endothelium. The plaques are also termed as vulnerable plaques as they contain lipids in high amounts, along with collagen fibres and inflammatory cells. When ruptured, the reactivity of these components causes the inflammatory destabilization and result in the infarction (Libby P 2001). The acute phase reactant, C reactive protein (CRP) is thus found to be high during the acute myocardial infarction (Blake et al 2003). The infarction can occur in either of the two patterns, complete occlusion of a single coronary artery referred to as transmural infarct, which results in complete ischemia of the area supplied by that particular coronary artery. Subendocardial infarcts on the other hand occlude the arteries incompletely, and thus allow some perfusion. But since subendocardium is the least perused area of the myocardium, it is more prone to ischemic death. The aim of reperfusion is to save the viable muscle from necrosis (Huber et al 1996). The myocardial injury is reversible for up to 30 minutes after the ischemic attack, thereafter the injury becomes irreversible. The entire muscle becomes necrotic within six hours, if the collateral arteries are not well developed (Robbins et al 2005, Mohan 2007). The development of atherosclerotic plaques and pathogenesis of the process into the myocardial infarction is a complex one. It is a chronic disease taking years to evolve before it causes any modifiable consequences. The evolvement is subtle and the resultant damage is severe. The pathogenesis of the disease involves several factors. The balance among these factors in the long run determines the outcome of the condition. These factors can either be modifiable or non-modifiable. The modifiable factors are the ones that a person can control by bringing about certain changes. They include controlling the level of fats in diet, cessation of smoking, regular exercise and maintaining the blood pressure in the normal range (Manson et al 1996). The hyperlipidemias, i.e. elevated low density lipoproteins and

Reading response of the reading Living in a Globalizing World Essay

Reading response of the reading Living in a Globalizing World - Essay Example The people living in United States, gets affected by the affect of globalization on the economy. The positive aspect of the US economy is to generate profit through expansion of industrialization but the adverse aspect is that it leads to the increase in the number of the outsourcing by declining the number local jobs (Crawford and Fogart 1-137). The inequality in sexism, racial prejudice is creating a big chaos in the society and also affecting globalization. With the advent of globalization, few negative aspects such as number of sex trafficking and discrimination of the people on the basis of the race has increased worldwide. s. The institutional racism also gets influenced through globalization due to the integration of the diverse culture. Conversely, many people have adopted orphan children, who belong to different racism for providing them better life (Crawford and Fogart 1-137). The term wealth means the property of an individual, which is earned by the person throughout the life. However, wealth not only provides materialistic happiness but also non-materialistic aspect. Wealth is also the satisfaction, which comes out from the mental peace and happiness. In present scenario, people feel that the people who spend time with their family are happier than any other financially rich person (Crawford and Fogart 1-137). To be an ethical consumer the person needs to adopt the fair trade, which is paid to the worker as workable wages. The role of ethical consumer is to provide support to poor farmer by purchasing food products from them. The customers need to be aware about the money and investment procedures (Crawford and Fogart 1-137). There are some countries are still lacking in its economic nature. The main reason behind this poor situation is inequality in the British colonials. The people who belong to elite class lead different life from that of the poor people. These may lead to

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Research Methods - Essay Example me teachers functioning on a split site system since they spend more time travelling from site to site, thus losing contact time with other colleagues. Although departmental meetings are well attended, there are noticeably fewer discussions in the staff room, as break and lunch times are also travelling times. These issues, with their underlying themes, are generic in nature and are relevant in a variety of contexts and are listed below: Action research is about problem solving to extend knowledge (Hult & Lunnung, 1980, West et al., 1995, McConnell, 2000). My research question involves qualitative research, which lends itself to problem solving in a cyclic manner. It involves a planned reaction to a problem, followed by feedback, evaluation, critical reflection and discussion, to redefine issues concerned with the sharing of information. A greater awareness and understanding of an identified problem is developed over time, which should lead to a solution or improved practice. As Cohen and Manion (1994) point out, â€Å"An important feature of action research is that the task is not finished when the project ends. The participants continue to review, evaluate and improve practice.† However, Cohen and Manion’s approach of ‘review, evaluate and improve’ works well with quantitative research, or for one person trying to affect a change. It does not appear appropriate for uniform progression of a group and group activity over a longer period of time. Hence for a group to progress as a unit, emphasis on developing a consensus between its members is important. For these extended studies a conductor is necessary to form an extended cyclic approach including review, evaluate, conduct and improve. Improved practice and the opportunity to develop my own relationships within the group are important to me in order to develop a sense of worth. I have chosen action research as my method as it brings the interviewer closer to the interviewee, hence it lends itself to